June 12, 2006
New satellite set to collect most-detailed data yet about atmospheric particles
(Updated on June 21, 2006)
A new satellite that last week began gathering data from the Earth’s atmosphere could be a key tool in unraveling just how much effect the reflectivity of clouds and tiny particles called aerosols are having on the planet’s changing climate.
For University of Washington atmospheric scientists Robert Charlson and Theodore Anderson, co-investigators on the CALIPSO satellite’s science team, there are two key parts to the research: determining the effects of aerosols on climate in cloudy skies and in clear skies.
“Much of the Earth is covered by broken clouds. If you look down at any big patch of clouds, often you will see that it is really made up of broken clouds,” said Charlson, a UW atmospheric sciences professor. “That suggests that there could be an intermediate state between clear and cloudy conditions that has a considerable effect on climate, and it appears to be very sensitive to changes in aerosol levels.”
Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the air, such as bits of dusty ash from volcanoes, smoke and haze from combustion, soil dust from desert storms and salt from evaporating sea spray. They float in the atmosphere, absorbing some sunlight and reflecting some back into space, but no one knows just how much effect they have globally. Charlson and Anderson say that remains one of the biggest unanswered questions about human-induced climate change.
Scientists around the world hope to begin getting answers from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation satellite, dubbed CALIPSO, which was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on April 28. Since then its instruments have been preparing to collect detailed information. It is flying in a formation called the A-Train, a lineup of six satellites, each gathering different information about the Earth’s atmosphere. CALIPSO is fourth in the formation, traveling just a few seconds behind a satellite called CloudSat, which was launched on the same rocket and will provide radar data on thick clouds, complementing CALIPSO’s lidar data on thin clouds and aerosols.
Satellites for many years have produced pictures showing the Earth swathed in clouds. More recent instruments also pick out aerosol plumes from dust storms, forest fires, industrial pollution and the like. Those data mainly provide a two-dimensional perspective, with no precise information about the altitude of the clouds and aerosols. A long-standing goal of aerosol scientists has been to develop space-based lidar, a measuring tool like radar that uses laser light rather than radio waves. Lidar allows specific altitudes of clouds and aerosols to be determined within about 100 feet, a revolutionary advance on traditional satellite capabilities.
Satellite lidar, first demonstrated on a 1994 space shuttle mission, was fully implemented in 2003 on NASA’s Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite, which is providing a wealth of new data. Now, with CALIPSO’s entry into the A-Train formation, scientists will have access to continuous lidar data at the same time as they see data from more than a dozen other advanced satellite instruments, each examining a different aspect of the atmospheric system.
“For the first time, traditional satellite methods will be supplemented continuously with precise altitude measurements of clouds and haze plumes in the atmosphere,” said Anderson. “This is going to greatly advance the space-based study of aerosol-and-cloud interactions because now we will have authoritative knowledge about whether the aerosol layer and the cloud layer seen by traditional instruments are really at the same level in the atmosphere.”
Even a seemingly clear sky can have some cloudiness. But lidar can detect it even if it is not readily visible, Charlson said. He and Anderson will focus on determining how much of that “subvisible” cloudiness there is around the world and what its properties are. From that information, they expect to eventually be able to establish the impact on climate change. If these unseen clouds, which they hypothesize are partly caused by high aerosol concentrations, cover only one-tenth of a percent of the Earth’s atmosphere the effects would be negligible, Charlson said. But if the coverage is 1 percent it is a concern, and 10 percent coverage “would be a very big deal.”
“We suspect it is several percent,” he said.
Scientists around the world will be able to use the CALIPSO data, Charlson said, and it will be particularly important to those using computer models in trying to understand the mechanics of climate change and how it is likely to play out in the future.
He noted that the satellite’s lidar equipment uses an eye-safe laser that actually might be glimpsed in a hazy sky or on snow cover. It would be visible as a row of green dots about 250 feet across and 800 feet apart, but it could only be seen at night in a very dark sky, most likely from an airplane looking down at snow cover or clouds. To see it, a person would have to know precisely when the satellite will pass a certain spot, and would have to be watching very closely – the satellite will pass at more than 15,000 miles per hour and at an altitude of more than 430 miles. It also is possible that, in hazy conditions at night, the green laser beam might suddenly appear as a flashed row of vertical stripes in the sky.
The mission, in development for more than 10 years, is a collaboration among the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales of France, the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace in France, Hampton University in Virginia and Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. NASA’s Langley Research Center is project manager and the Goddard Space Flight Center is providing support. Numerous scientists from around the world are co-investigators and science team members for CALIPSO.
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For more information, contact Charlson at (206) 543-2537 or charlson@chem.washington.edu, or Anderson at (206) 543-2044 or tadand@atmos.washington.edu
CALIPSO on the Internet: http://www.nasa.gov/calipso
