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March 14, 2016

Documents that Changed the World: ‘Hanging chads’ and butterfly ballots — Florida, 2000

With the Florida presidential primary a day away, Joe Janes is recalling the time of butterfly ballots and “hanging chads” — the presidential election of 2000 — in the latest installment of his podcast series, Documents that Changed the World.

In the podcasts, Janes, a professor in the UW Information School, explores the origin and often evolving meaning of historical documents, both famous and less known.

“This one has been on my list for a long time,” Janes said. “But now that we are officially in The Wackiest Election Year Ever, it seemed an apt time to look back at the last one to hold that title. Having lived through the seesaw of late 2000, I was surprised at a couple of critical details that somehow I never remember hearing about.”

To briefly review that election: Bill Clinton’s two presidential terms coming to their stormy end, Vice President Al Gore ran against George W. Bush, Texas and son of George H. W. Bush, our 41^st president. The election was so close it hinged on the state of Florida. Recounts and litigation took the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which on Dec. 12 — more than a month after the national election — decided in favor of Bush. Gore had received more votes nationwide, but it was Bush who moved into the White House.

In his podcast, Janes reintroduces us to Theresa LePore, the longtime elections supervisor in Palm Beach County, Florida, who designed the controversial ballot. LePore’s good intentions toward seniors led her to increase the font size of the candidates’ names, thus spreading them across two pages of the Votomatic punch-card ballot instructions.

“In her desire for readability, she sacrificed — almost everyone believes inadvertently — another key design principle: usability,” Janes says in the podcast. Subsequent analysis would suggest that thousands of people may have mistakenly voted for ultra-conservative Pat Buchanan due to the ballot confusion.

Things, as perhaps you remember, devolved from there.

Soon the mechanics of paper hole-punching — and “chads,” the bits left over afterward — became national news. Photos of elections officials inspecting ballots with magnifying glasses hit front pages everywhere (one pair of which, Janes notes, is now in the Smithsonian Institution). All America suddenly learned about hanging chads as well as dangling ones, dimpled ones, and even pierced, pregnant or swinging ones.

Janes notes that in elections that are not close, such issues as ballot design and error have less impact. “Decidedly not the case in 2000,” he adds. But it’s also true that the American electoral system is a “highly decentralized patchwork … where critical decisions are made at the state and county level.”

Almost no one pays attention to the obscure details of voting booths and ballot-tallying, Janes says, “unless something goes terrifyingly astray and then people freak out until they forget about it all over again.”

Sample ballots had been sent beforehand to officials throughout Florida, Janes says. “It wasn’t until people tried to actually vote — to actually punch holes — that it all started to go wrong.”

Janes feels it appropriate to give the long-since-retired LePore the last word.

Someone asked her, “Who do you believe won Florida?” That is, who was the rightful winner of the 2000 American presidential election?

Listen to the podcast for her answer.

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For more about this or any of the Documents that Changed the World podcasts, contact Janes at jwj@uw.edu. All the podcasts are available online at the iSchool website, and on iTunes, where the series has more than 250,000 downloads.

Previous installments of the “Documents that Changed the World” series

• Series introduction/President Obama’s Birth Certificate
• The Nineteenth Amendment
• John Snow’s cholera map, 1854
• Mao’s ‘Little Red Book’
• The Internet Protocol, 1981
• The AIDS Memorial Quilt
• An 18 1/2-minute presidential mystery
• Gutenberg indulgence, 1454
• ‘Robert’s Rules of Order’
• The fraudulent ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’
• A papal resignation
• The ‘Casablanca’ letters of transit
• ‘What is the Third Estate?’ 1789
• Alfred Binet’s IQ test, 1905
• Einstein’s letter to FDR, 1939
• The Riot Act, 1714
• The Rosetta Stone
• The Zapruder film, Nov. 22, 1963
• The Book of Mormon
• The DSM, 1952
• Airline ‘black box’ flight data recorder, 1958
• Alaska Purchase Check, 1868
• Zimmerman Telegram, 1917
• Rules of Association Football (Soccer), 1863
• The Star Spangled Banner, 1814
• Joseph McCarthy’s ‘list,’ 1950
• Rosie the Riveter Poster, 1943
• Exaltation of Inanna, 2300 BCE
• Annals of the World, 1650
• Charles Richter’s seismic scale, 1935
• Alfred Nobel’s will, 1895
• The Vietnam War Memorial, 1982
• FDR’s Thanksgiving proclamation, 1939
• The Fannie Farmer Cookbook, 1896
• The Declaration of Independence’s deleted passage on slavery, 1776

Tag(s): Documents that Changed the World • Information School • Joe Janes

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